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Developing OpenType Fonts for Devanagari Script. 2/8/2018. 40 minutes to read.In this articlePlease note: This document reflects the changes made in 2005 recommendations for Indic-script OpenType font and shaping-engine implementations. While Indic fonts made according to the earlier recommendations will still function properly in the new versions of Uniscribe, font developers may choose to update their fonts, particularly if they wish to avoid certain limitations of the earlier implementation.This document presents information that will help font developers create or support OpenType fonts for all Devanagari script languages covered by the Unicode Standard, including classical Sanskrit. Other languages written with the Devanagari script include Hindi, Kashmiri, Konkani, Marathi, Nepali, Sanskrit and Sindhi. IntroductionThis document targets developers implementing Indic shaping behavior compatible with Microsoft OpenType specification for Indic scripts.
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It contains information about terminology, font features and behavior of the Indic shaping engine in regards to the Devanagari script. While it does not contain instructions for creating Devanagari fonts, it will help font developers understand how the Indic shaping engine processes Indic text. In addition, registered features of the Devanagari script are defined and illustrated with examples.The new Indic shaping engine allows for variations in typographic conventions, giving a font developer control over shaping by the choice of designation of glyphs to certain OpenType features. For example, the location where the reph and pre-pended matra are re-ordered within a syllable cluster is affected by the presence of a half form.
See illustrations below.In the example below (Ra + halant + Da+ halant + Ma + I-matra), Ra + halant will form the reph, but how the Da is classified will determine the position of the reph as well as the location of the pre-pended matra.Option 1: While the Da does not have a true half form in Devanagari, it can be listed in the ‘half’ feature lookup substituting the ‘halant form’ of Da. Thus, the shaping engine will treat it as a half form and the reph will be positioned on the first main consonant; and the I-matra will be positioned immediately in front of the “half-form” D(a).Option 2: By not listing Da in the ‘half’ feature lookup, the halant form will display and the shaping engine will treat it as the first main consonant on which to position the reph. And the I-matra will be positioned immediately in front of the base (or half-form) preceding it, which in this case is the Ma.GlossaryThe following terms are useful for understanding the layout features and script rules discussed in this document.Above-base form of consonants - A variant form of a consonant that appears above the base glyph. In Devanagari, only the consonant Ra has an above-base form, known as “reph”.Akhand ligatures - Required consonant ligatures that may appear anywhere in the syllable and may or may not involve the base glyph.
Akhand ligatures have the highest priority and are formed first; some languages include them in their alphabets. Akhand ligatures in Devanagari may be displayed in either half- or full-form.Base glyph - The only consonant or consonant conjunct in the orthographic syllable that is written in its 'full' (nominal) form.
In Devanagari, the last consonant of the syllable (except for syllables ending with letter 'Ra') usually forms the base glyph. In 'degenerate' syllables that have no vowel (last letter of a word), the last consonant in halant form serves as the base consonant and is mapped as the base glyph. Layout operations are defined in terms of a base glyph, not a base character, since the base can often be a ligature.Below-base form of consonants - A variant form of a consonant that appears below the base glyph. In Devanagari, only the consonant Ra has a below-base form. In the glyph sequence, the below-base form comes after the consonant(s) that form the base glyph. Below-base forms are represented by a non-spacing mark glyph.Cluster - A group of characters that form an integral unit in Indic scripts, often times a syllable.Consonant - Each represents a single consonant sound.
Consonants may exist in different contextual forms and have an inherent vowel (usually, the short vowel 'a'). For example, 'Ka' and 'Ta', rather than just 'K' or 'T.' Consonant conjuncts (aka 'conjuncts') - Ligatures of two or more consonants.
Consonant conjuncts may have both full and half forms, or only full forms.Devanagari syllable - Effective orthographic 'unit' of Devanagari writing systems. Syllables are composed of consonant letters, independent vowels and dependant vowels. In a text sequence, these characters are stored in phonetic order (although they may not be represented in phonetic order when displayed).
Once a syllable is shaped, it is indivisible. The cursor cannot be positioned within the syllable. Transformations discussed in this document do not cross syllable boundaries.Halant (Virama) - The character used after a consonant to 'strip' it of it’s inherent vowel.
A halant follows all but the last consonant in every Devanagari syllable; a halant also follows the last consonant if the syllable has no vowel.NOTE: A syllable containing halant characters may be shaped with no visible halant signs by using different consonant forms or conjuncts instead.Halant form of consonants - The form produced by adding the halant (virama) to the nominal shape. The Halant form is used in syllables that have no vowel or as the half form when no distinct shape for the half form exists.Half form of consonants (pre-base form) - A variant form of consonants which appear to the left of the base consonant, if they do not participate in a ligature. Consonants in their half form precede the ones forming the base glyph. Devanagari has distinctly shaped half forms for most consonants. If a consonant does not have a distinct shape for the half form and does not form any ligature, it will be displayed with an explicit Virama (same shape as the halant form).Matra (Dependent Vowel) - Used to represent a vowel sound that is not inherent to the consonant. Dependent vowels are referred to as 'matras' in Sanskrit. They are always depicted in combination with a single consonant, or with a consonant cluster.
The greatest variation among different Indian scripts is found in the rules for attaching dependent vowels to base characters.New Shaping Behavior - Shaping behavior defined in this version of the Indic OpenType Font Specification. Information in this document relates primarily to the new implementation model. Old behavior may be mentioned in comments about compatibility.Nukta - A combining character that alters the way a preceding consonant (or matra) is pronounced.Old Shaping Behavior - Shaping behavior defined in previous versions of the Indic OpenType Font Specification.OpenType Layout engine - Library responsible for executing OpenType layout features in a font.
In the Microsoft text formatting stack, it is named OTLS (OpenType layout services).OpenType tag - 4-byte identifier for script, language system or feature in the font.Post-base form of consonants - A variant form of a consonant that appears to the right of the base glyph. A consonant that takes a post-base form is preceded by the consonant(s) forming the base glyph plus a halant (virama). Post-base forms are usually spacing glyphs.Pre-base form of consonants - A variant form of a consonant that appears to the left of the base glyph.
Note that most pre-base consonant forms are logically as well as visually before the base consonant. Half forms are examples of this kind of pre-base form. In some scripts, though, a pre-base Ra may logically follow the base consonant (that is, it follows it phonetically and in the character sequence of the text), even though it is presented visually before the base. The shaping engine detects such cases dynamically using the 'pref' feature and re-orders the pre-base-form glyph as needed.Rakaar - The below-base form of 'Ra' in Devanagari, which forms a ligature with most preceding consonant(s). If the preceding consonant has a half form, then the consonant-rakaar combination, typically also has a half form.Reph - The above-base form of the letter 'Ra' that is used in Devanagari when 'Ra' is the first consonant in the syllable and is not the base consonant.Shaping Engine - Code responsible for shaping input, classified to a particular script.Split Matra - A matra that is decomposed into pieces for rendering.
Usually the different pieces appear in different positions relative to the base. For instance, part of the matra may be placed at the beginning of the cluster and another part at the end of the cluster.Syllable - A single unit of Indic text processing. Shaping of Indic text is performed independently for each syllable. Process of identifying boundaries of each syllable is described below.Vattu (Rakar) - A below-base form of a consonant. In Devanagari, 'Ra' can take a vattu form within a cluster; this 'Vattu-Ra' is also known as Rakaar.1. Pre-base form2. The base consonant3.
Above-base form (reph)4. Post-base (matra)5.
Below-base form (vattu/rakaar)Shaping Engine.The Indic shaping engine processes Devanagri text in stages.Appendix A: Writing System TagsFeatures are encoded according to both a designated script and language system. There are different language systems defined for the Hindi, Sanskrit, and Marathi languages, although they all use the Devanagari script.Currently most shaping engine implementations only support the 'default' language system for each script. However, font developers may want to build language specific features which are supported in other applications and will be supported in future Microsoft OpenType implementations.NOTE: It is strongly recommended to include the 'dflt' language tag in all OpenType fonts because it defines the basic script handling for a font. The 'dflt' language system is used as the default if no other language specific features are defined, or if the application does not support that particular language.
If the 'dflt' tag is not present for the script being used, the font may not work in some applications.The following table lists the registered tag names for script and language systems. Note for new Indic shaping implementation 'dev2' is used (old-behavior implementations used 'deva'). Registered tags for the Devanagari scriptRegistered tags for Devanagari language systemsScript tagScriptLanguage system tagLanguage'dev2'Devanagari'dflt'.default script handling'HIN 'Hindi'KSH 'Kashmiri'KOK 'Konkani'MAR 'Marathi'NEP 'Nepali'SAN 'Sanskrit'SND 'SindhiNote: both the script and language tags are case sensitive (script tags should be lowercase, language tags are all caps) and must contain four characters (ie. You must add a space to the three character language tags).Appendix B: MANGAL.TTF (sample font)The MANGAL OpenType font is available to licensed users of VOLT, Microsoft's Visual OpenType Layout Tool. It is provided for illustration only, and may not be altered or redistributed.MANGAL supports the characters and features in the Unicode Standard, which is a superset of the ISCII-1988 standard. The same Unicode character code layout is followed for nine Indian scripts: Bengali, Devanagari, Gurumukhi (Punjabi), Gujarati, Kannada, Oriya, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu.MANGAL is a Windows 2000 system font. MANGAL contains layout information and glyphs to support all of the required features for the scripts and languages supported.Many shaped glyph forms (such as ligatures) have no Unicode encoding.
These glyphs have id's in the font, and applications can access these glyphs by 'running' the layout features which depend on these glyphs. An application can also identify non-Unicode glyphs contained in the font by traversing the OpenType layout tables, or using the layout services for purely informational purposes.MANGAL contains three OpenType Layout tables: GSUB (glyph substitution), GPOS (glyph positioning), and GDEF (glyph definition, distinguishing base glyphs, ligatures, classes of mark glyphs, etc.).The font is available as part of the VOLT supplemental files. Once you install VOLT you need to run a separate installer to get the supplemental files.
Both installers are part of the.